An Autistic Weighs in on Friendship

I am a professional person who works as an autism consultant to various school districts when I am not speaking and writing. I have an autism neurology myself so I enjoy the privilege of being able to see and experience autism from a variety of viewpoints. One thing that greatly pains me is the continuing wrong assumptions professional people make about autistics and how those wrong assumptions often get interpreted as fact.

This past week I again ran into the erroneous assumption that autistics do not want or need friends. The truth is we do want and need friends just like any other human being. Our autism neurology means that making friends in conventional ways on conventional developmental timelines often presents difficulties for us largely because we have a different neurology – not a flawed humanity!

It took me many years to understand friendship. It wasn’t until I started my 50th decade of life that I started enjoying meaningful friendships. When I was growing up there was no support for kids like we have today when they have difficulties due to autism. Even so, I was able to slowly figure out and develop meaningful friendships on my own.

I want to share an excerpt from my book Paper Words: Discovering and Living with My Autism that clearly illustrates autistic people not only want friends, but can be friends with other people. It is one way for me to counter the erroneous belief I met up with again this week. Please share widely to help dispel the faulty idea that autistics do not want, need or have the ability to participate in friendships. Autistics do have real friends and here is the story of how that looks in my life.

“One thing all my very close friends have in common is that, besides having time for me, they allow me to be their friend. Most people who imagine themselves to be my friend are very kind and giving people and like to be known for being helpful to me, an autistic person, but they do not ever make the space for me to be their friend back. Thus, it is not a true friendship because they do not find me to be necessary to the core of their being.

My closest friends and I have reciprocal relationships. Both of us find the other necessary in our lives in a way that is not demanding. I find my close friends necessary, because when I am with them I can be my very best – the person I was created to be. I am able to be who I am and it is O,K. And they report similar feelings.

We know each other’s faults and flaws and can love each other through them. This means that our faults and flaws don’t become each other’s pet peeves. We are all limited and imperfect and are O.K. with that in ourselves and in each other.

This is how it is with my closest friends. We find each other necessary and care deeply for one other. When I’m allowed to show my caring however I want, I am able to freely spend the gold of my soul, often with abandon, on my friends. I love it and would not live my life any differently.

The meaningfulness of life for me, an autistic, is in the reciprocal relationships of my everyday life. So, all in all, when it comes to the truly important stuff of life, I am more like you than autism can ever make me different. Imagine that!” (Endow, 2009, p. 173).

Dawn Inclusion Making (Endow, 2013, p.115)
Dawn Inclusion Making
(Endow, 2013; p.115)

BOOKS  BY JUDY ENDOW

Endow, J. (2019).  Autistically Thriving: Reading Comprehension, Conversational Engagement, and Living a Self-Determined Life Based on Autistic Neurology. Lancaster, PA: Judy Endow.

Endow, J. (2012). Learning the Hidden Curriculum: The Odyssey of One Autistic Adult. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2006).  Making Lemonade: Hints for Autism’s Helpers. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2013).  Painted Words: Aspects of Autism Translated. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2009).  Paper Words: Discovering and Living With My Autism. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2009).  Outsmarting Explosive Behavior: A Visual System of Support and Intervention for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2010).  Practical Solutions for Stabilizing Students With Classic Autism to Be Ready to Learn: Getting to Go. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Myles, B. S., Endow, J., & Mayfield, M. (2013).  The Hidden Curriculum of Getting and Keeping a Job: Navigating the Social Landscape of Employment. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Originally written for and published by Ollibean on December 15, 2014

Autism and Sorting Out Sensory Snags

All my life I have been easily overwhelmed by sound and motion. I can hear things nobody else even notices such as the hum of electric devices that are plugged in even when the appliance or device is not in use such as the coffee maker on my kitchen counter. I can hear fluorescent lights hum, the steady grind of ventilation systems in buildings and the crackling from inside my television when it is muted.

When I am in the midst of much movement I tend to get dizzy. This is really distracting because I am in busy places when I present at conferences and when I work in school districts. I have to constantly monitor and be aware of the dizzy feelings in my body so as to stay on top of it and not become too far gone so as to appear like a staggering drunk when walking down a hallway.

I used to get surprised by my unreliable sensory system quite a lot as I went about daily life. These days I get less surprised because I have learned to do a sensory scan of new environments to identify up front what sorts of things will likely negatively impact me. It takes but a few moments when walking into a new classroom, a store, a friends home, etc. to look around and identify the “too much” for me sensory wise. I can then quickly figure out how to minimize the impact these sensory assaults will have on my system.

For example, when I go into a restaurant I quickly scan the seating arrangement. If I see the place has high backed booths I ask for a booth as it cuts down on incoming sensory information both in terms of sound and vision. If booths aren’t available I ask for a table on the perimeter. When I sit with my back to a wall I effectively decrease the sensory input I might otherwise receive if I sat in the middle of the dining room surrounded by sound and movement while dining.

Even so, sometimes no matter how hard I work at this my fragile sensory system will fall apart before I am done working for the day or finished with an outing. I have some backup plans waiting in the wings for such occasions. My arsenal includes three different styles of ear plugs purchased from the rent-a-tool place at a home improvement store, a retractable clip on string, a therapy ball that I use for deep pressure, swimming, sleeping with a weighted blanket, sitting in chairs with arms, massages and not standing still for more than a few minutes. These are some of the things that both keep my sensory system in a more stable state proactively and can be used reactively to calm my sensory system once it has become overwhelmed.

The amazing thing to me is that even though I have been teaching sensory regulation strategies to others I work with I had not identified myself as having sensory needs. Once it was pointed out to me I was able to apply things I already knew to myself.

Today I am able to travel, stay in motels and negotiate all the sensory surprises my life brings to me as I crisscross the skies and drive around my state to accomplish my everyday work. It is never too late to identify your own needs, construct a self-advocacy plan and implement it. I do so every day in all sorts of situations. I am much more comfortable in my own skin and in the world around me now that I no longer fear unknown or novel situations.

UntitledPainting is Lower Left Planetary Sky
Available in sets of 5 greeting cards
and acrylic prints in 3 sizes
in the Art Store at www.judyendow.com

BOOKS  BY JUDY ENDOW

Endow, J. (2019).  Autistically Thriving: Reading Comprehension, Conversational Engagement, and Living a Self-Determined Life Based on Autistic Neurology. Lancaster, PA: Judy Endow.

Endow, J. (2012). Learning the Hidden Curriculum: The Odyssey of One Autistic Adult. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2006).  Making Lemonade: Hints for Autism’s Helpers. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2013).  Painted Words: Aspects of Autism Translated. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2009).  Paper Words: Discovering and Living With My Autism. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2009).  Outsmarting Explosive Behavior: A Visual System of Support and Intervention for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2010).  Practical Solutions for Stabilizing Students With Classic Autism to Be Ready to Learn: Getting to Go. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Myles, B. S., Endow, J., & Mayfield, M. (2013).  The Hidden Curriculum of Getting and Keeping a Job: Navigating the Social Landscape of Employment. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Originally written for an published by Ollibean on November 16, 2014

Empathie et droits humains : deux approches à ne pas confondre

Originally written in English: Don’t Mix Up Empathy and Civil Rights

Souvent, dans la communauté de l’autisme, des parents d’enfants autistes n’apprécient pas que des adultes autistes donnent leur opinion au sujet des situations que ces parents vivent avec leurs enfants. Je suis moi-même une adulte autiste et souvent, des parents me demandent de ne pas juger des situations que je n’ai pas moi-même vécues. On me donne régulièrement du « Tu ne peux pas comprendre, tu n’es pas à leur place! » quand je partage, sur les médias sociaux, mes commentaires au sujet de certaines actualités.

Ces actualités que j’aborde sont de nature variée. Parfois, il s’agit du meurtre d’un enfant autiste par ses parents. D’autres fois, mes commentaires portent sur un nouveau « traitement contre l’autisme », par exemple l’ingestion de vers parasites ou l’application de lavements au chlore sous le prétexte d’atténuer ou de guérir les symptômes de l’autisme. Cette semaine, il s’agit de l’ablation chirurgicale des cordes vocales d’un adolescent autiste.

On me dit parfois qu’en raison de mon autisme, je ne suis pas capable d’empathie. Cette croyance erronée à propos de l’autisme a été démentie par la recherche. Nous savons aujourd’hui qu’il en est autrement, mais il semble que cette information n’ait pas encore été diffusée à tous les membres de la communauté de l’autisme.

Les parents qui tergiversent en faisant le lien entre l’empathie et l’approche « Tu ne peux pas comprendre, tu n’es pas à ma place » ont tout à fait raison. Ces deux concepts vont de pair. De se mettre à la place d’une autre personne requiert de l’empathie. Toutefois, dans cette situation, il importe peu que vous croyiez ou non que les autistes soient effectivement capables d’empathie.

Voici pourquoi : le point commun qui relie ces actualités est l’abus des droits humains de personnes autistes. En effet, il semble qu’on ne nous accorde pas les mêmes droits qu’aux autres personnes. On peut le constater encore et encore, semaine après semaine, même si les sujets d’actualité changent.

Je vous propose ici quelques exemples :

  •  Faire ingérer des vers à un enfant dans le but explicite et intentionnel de lui donner des parasites intestinaux sera considéré comme étant de la maltraitance envers n’importe quel enfant, sauf envers un enfant autiste.
  •  Le meurtre de son enfant par un parent est un crime horrible, peu importe l’âge de l’enfant. Que vous soyez pour ou contre la peine de mort, c’est la sentence prévue par la loi pour ce crime dans certains États. Dans d’autres lieux, ce sera une peine d’emprisonnement à vie sans possibilité de libération conditionnelle, ou tout au moins une peine d’incarcération durant de longues années. C’est parce que dans nos sociétés civilisées, on considère que le meurtre est un crime répréhensible… sauf s’il s’agit d’un enfant autiste, auquel cas c’est cet enfant qui porte le blâme pour son propre meurtre, tandis que le parent meurtrier reçoit de la sympathie.
  • Immobiliser un enfant en détresse et lui faire subir intentionnellement des brûlures chimiques en lui administrant un lavement au chlore sera perçu et jugé comme étant de la maltraitance envers n’importe quel enfant, sauf un enfant autiste.

Dans ces trois exemples, ainsi qu’en ce qui concerne l’ablation des cordes vocales d’un adolescent autiste annoncée aux nouvelles dernièrement, l’empathie envers les parents ne devrait aucunement être ce qui nous préoccupe le plus. En effet, si on se met à la place d’un parent dans ces situations, on parle de ressentir de l’empathie pour ce parent. Il est vrai qu’en général, faire preuve d’empathie est un sentiment admirable; cependant, et quelles que soient les circonstances, en aucun cas il n’est utile ou admirable de sympathiser avec un individu qui brime les droits d’un autre être humain.

Comment se sortir de cette confusion? C’est en réalité très simple, et voici quelques pistes pour y arriver :

  1. Si agir d’une certaine façon envers un être humain est considéré comme étant immoral, cette façon d’agir est aussi immorale quand elle vise une personne autiste, car les autistes sont des êtres humains.
  2. Si on considère que d’agir d’une certaine façon envers un être humain est un crime, cette façon d’agir est tout autant criminelle quand elle atteint une personne autiste, car les autistes sont des êtres humains.
  3.  Quand un crime est commis, l’empathie doit nécessairement être dévolue à la victime, que la victime soit autiste ou non. Cette vérité, qui devrait pourtant être tenue pour acquise, doit malheureusement être soulignée.
  4. Il est tout à fait valable de comprendre les difficultés de vie d’une personne qui a commis un crime, mais les droits humains de la victime – même quand la victime est autiste – doivent prévaloir sans ambiguïté sur les difficultés du criminel.
  5. Une personne autiste ne devrait subir un traitement médical, une procédure ou une chirurgie que si ceux-ci sont aussi couramment employés sur des personnes non autistes. Si une procédure est habituellement employée sur les animaux, mais non sur les humains, il est inacceptable de l’employer sur un être humain, qu’il soit autiste ou non. On constate là une autre vérité qui devrait aller de soi, mais qui doit malheureusement être relevée : les autistes ne sont pas des animaux! Ils sont des êtres humains à part entière.

Par exemple, mon ancienne voisine a dû faire faire l’ablation des cordes vocales de son chien pour pouvoir le garder dans son appartement. Même si son enfant faisait beaucoup plus de bruit que son chien, l’ablation des cordes vocales de son enfant n’a jamais été considérée.

Fait important à souligner : il n’est absolument pas pertinent de savoir si cet enfant a reçu un diagnostic d’autisme ou pas.

Cliquez sur le lien ci-dessous pour lire l’article du 27 septembre 2013 (en anglais) dont le titre commence par :

« Doctors at UW Madison have found a way to quiet down autistic children who scream loudly and often… »

Je suppose que le présent article fera l’objet de commentaires sur la nécessité de faire preuve d’empathie envers les parents qui vivent cette situation, car c’est là que le discours social se situe actuellement à propos de ce genre d’actualité et que c’est là que nous en sommes en tant que société. J’espère seulement qu’il y aura aussi quelques commentaires sur les droits humains en ce qui concerne les autistes.

Je sais que dans la société contemporaine, de nombreuses personnes ont de la difficulté à nous percevoir en tant qu’êtres humains à part entière et dotés de tous les droits qui nous reviennent en tant que tels, mais je crois qu’il est essentiel d’y penser et d’en parler si vous souhaitez continuer à faire partie de la conversation, à mesure qu’elle évolue. En effet, l’histoire a démontré que lorsque la masse critique est atteinte en ce qui concerne un groupe de personnes privées de leurs droits et qui réclament l’égalité en tant qu’êtres humains, cette revendication obtient satisfaction, le temps venu.

Le processus est long, mais inévitable. Même si les adultes autistes sont encore le plus souvent ignorés ou ridiculisés, cette masse critique est en voie de devenir une réalité. Un nombre grandissant de nos voix se font entendre, parlant haut et fort contre les atrocités commises envers les nôtres.

Bref, la discussion est entamée. Parlez entre vous de ces sujets controversés. Et sachez que les autistes reviendront encore et encore pour donner leur point de vue sur chacune des actualités qui nous concerne. Ce dialogue est important, et continuera de l’être tant et aussi longtemps que nécessaire.

Bonne semaine!
Judy Endow, M. Serv. soc.

Translation/traduction: Marie Lauzon, C. Tran./trad. a. (Canada) marielauzon.com

Don’t Mix Up Empathy and Civil Rights
Originally written in English
Judy Endow, MSW

BOOKS  BY JUDY ENDOW

Endow, J. (2019).  Autistically Thriving: Reading Comprehension, Conversational Engagement, and Living a Self-Determined Life Based on Autistic Neurology. Lancaster, PA: Judy Endow.

Endow, J. (2012). Learning the Hidden Curriculum: The Odyssey of One Autistic Adult. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2006).  Making Lemonade: Hints for Autism’s Helpers. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2013).  Painted Words: Aspects of Autism Translated. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2009).  Paper Words: Discovering and Living With My Autism. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2009).  Outsmarting Explosive Behavior: A Visual System of Support and Intervention for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2010).  Practical Solutions for Stabilizing Students With Classic Autism to Be Ready to Learn: Getting to Go. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Myles, B. S., Endow, J., & Mayfield, M. (2013).  The Hidden Curriculum of Getting and Keeping a Job: Navigating the Social Landscape of Employment. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

 

Out of the Goodness of Your Heart

I have nothing against the goodness in the hearts of other people. However, I would like to explain how it feels to be on the receiving end when I am befriended out of the goodness of your heart.

First of all this doesn’t a friendship make because authentic friendships are reciprocal. This means that giving and receiving go both ways. The benefits are mutual. When you befriend me out of the goodness of your heart – and then tell me so – I understand that you are assuming the role of a kind benevolent person while I am perceived as a less than person, assumed to not be able to have real friends so will be grateful to you for including me. Please know we will not be friends no matter how many times you announce to others that we are friends.

I do not want a fake friendship where you are kind, nice and inclusive of me in public settings for your own personal gains of being known as a helper to a person with autism. I understand you may need to be known as a helper or need the admiration of others that this brings. However, you may not do it at my expense because I prefer not to be used in this way.

Just think how you might feel in these sorts of situations:

  • A graduate student takes you on as a semester project, taking you out for two hours five times in order to write a paper on her experience of becoming friends with you – an autistic person.
  • You (at 50+ year old who is cognitively congruent with your age, running your own business, an author and international speaker) are issued an invitation to a children’s event where there will be a clown, face painting, inflatable jumping house, etc. and told that the event is for children with autism, but since you have autism you will enjoy this event too.
  • When at the mall with your friend another person comes up you both and says to your friend, “It is so nice of you to include ___________(insert your name) in your shopping trip.”
  • Someone from an autism organization tells you that all kids with autism are to receive a free Christmas gift and asks if you would prefer a donated puzzle that has all the pieces or an autism awareness water bottle. You are 50+ years old so it is quite obvious by looking that you are not a kid.
  • When out with a friend, an acquaintance approaches and in your presence tells your friend, “It is so nice you are mentoring ____________(insert your name). You have the patience of a saint.”

Like I said, I have nothing against the goodness people have in their hearts. I just don’t like it applied to me and then called something it isn’t – like a friendship or heroism. It doesn’t feel like friendship to me when you tell me I am included because of my autism or assume anyone with me is a mentor, a saint or a hero because they are doing something with or for me.

When the goodness of your heart plays out as I have described here I do know you mean well even though your good intentions degrade and devalue me. Bless your soul. Now, how did that feel?

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BOOKS  BY JUDY ENDOW

Endow, J. (2019).  Autistically Thriving: Reading Comprehension, Conversational Engagement, and Living a Self-Determined Life Based on Autistic Neurology. Lancaster, PA: Judy Endow.

Endow, J. (2012). Learning the Hidden Curriculum: The Odyssey of One Autistic Adult. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2006).  Making Lemonade: Hints for Autism’s Helpers. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2013).  Painted Words: Aspects of Autism Translated. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2009).  Paper Words: Discovering and Living With My Autism. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2009).  Outsmarting Explosive Behavior: A Visual System of Support and Intervention for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2010).  Practical Solutions for Stabilizing Students With Classic Autism to Be Ready to Learn: Getting to Go. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Myles, B. S., Endow, J., & Mayfield, M. (2013).  The Hidden Curriculum of Getting and Keeping a Job: Navigating the Social Landscape of Employment. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Originally written for and published by Ollibean

 

Communication Supports for Speaking Autistics?

As an autistic, I know first hand how my communication abilities are different from the neuro-majority people around me. Most people do not understand my differences because I can speak. On the surface my communication abilities appear normal. This make it very difficult for people to understand when I need accommodations they are just that – accommodations – not personal preferences.

For example, even though I can speak to crowds of thousands of people my neurology does not permit me to engage in telephone conference calls in a meaningful way. The most I can do is listen, but after a few minutes I cannot process the words of the several different voices I can hear over the phone line. Actually speaking on a conference call is not something I am able to do.

I have found some online video chat alternatives that do work for me and allow me to participate in national work groups. It is necessary for me to see the people and to have the person talking visually highlighted so my brain can process the words that are being spoken. Also, I need to be able to type my words because I am not able to access meaningful spoken words when tracking and processing the talking of the group. Group Skype and Go To Meeting are two platforms that allow me to participate.

It is difficult for people to understand that a person who speaks internationally would find it impossible to participate in a telephone conference call. I totally get this because I too find it difficult to understand! Even though I have lived in my body for more than 50 years now, I still do not always understand it, but have learned to believe it and work with it, outsmarting the difficulties of autistic neurology to be and do what I want in this world.

My communication abilities and efforts are what they are whether you chose to believe it or not. I understand and can say this because for many years I did not believe my own body could betray me so often. However, I discovered that not believing in it never once changed it.

At one time people did not believe the world was round. They believed it was flat. The erroneous belief did not change the facts. Today when you have erroneous beliefs about me it does not change who I am. It does not change what skills and abilities I am able to access in the moment. Unfortunately, the beliefs of the majority, erroneous or not, often determine my opportunities.

This is because the majority holds the power in bestowing upon the minority. The assumed power of majority makes you superior, whole and right while making me less than, broken and wrong. You and I do not decide these things, but they are the societal assumptions we live by. In fact, you don’t even have to think about it, but if you do – whether you like it or not – being part of the majority gives you power over the minority. How do you use your power?

  • Do you honor autistic difference or do you insist your child do things exactly the way other children do them?
  • Do you try to find accommodations that will allow your child to participate in what you ask of him or do you express displeasure in or discipline him for failure to perform a task he has previously mastered assuming it is willful behavior?
  • Do you believe your child cannot do something when his access to skills and abilities are intermittent or do you assume that once a skill is performed your child is being stubborn or resistant if he cannot perform it consistently?

Many adults fear that if they listen to their child’s behavior or words they will be “giving in” and spoil their child. They fear their child may get away with something. After all, how do you know when it is the autism and when it is behavior? In my experience it is rare that it is only behavior. Instead, it is most often a function of autistic neurology – the way a person with autism understands and interacts in the world.

But even if you remain skeptical, the least dangerous assumption is to believe it is the autism. If you assume it is the autism and you are wrong your child may “get away with” some behavior until you get it figured out. If you assume it is willful bad behavior and you are wrong your relationship of positive regard and trust with your child will have suffered. Your child needs you to be on his side, to believe in him. When you don’t believe in him you effectively silence him.

Just because majority power has been used to silence autistics since the beginning of time, especially when it comes to our communication differences, doesn’t mean we need to continue on this course. People changed their belief about the world being flat when they saw it was not true.

I have hope that people will someday change their beliefs about how autistics communicate when they see what they believe is not the truth. It is why I am writing this blog! In the meantime, please know all autistics are human beings – whether able to speak or not we communicate, we have feelings, we have empathy, and just like you we need to love and to be loved – whether you believe it or not.

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BOOKS  BY JUDY ENDOW

Endow, J. (2019).  Autistically Thriving: Reading Comprehension, Conversational Engagement, and Living a Self-Determined Life Based on Autistic Neurology. Lancaster, PA: Judy Endow.

Endow, J. (2012). Learning the Hidden Curriculum: The Odyssey of One Autistic Adult. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2006).  Making Lemonade: Hints for Autism’s Helpers. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2013).  Painted Words: Aspects of Autism Translated. Cambridge, WI: CBR Press.

Endow, J. (2009).  Paper Words: Discovering and Living With My Autism. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2009).  Outsmarting Explosive Behavior: A Visual System of Support and Intervention for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Endow, J. (2010).  Practical Solutions for Stabilizing Students With Classic Autism to Be Ready to Learn: Getting to Go. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Myles, B. S., Endow, J., & Mayfield, M. (2013).  The Hidden Curriculum of Getting and Keeping a Job: Navigating the Social Landscape of Employment. Shawnee Mission, KS: AAPC Publishing.

Originally written for and published by Ollibean on November 6, 2014